Tianle Chen

Many moons ago I recall installing Ubuntu on my home PC because I was sick of Windows, the only operating system I had used up to that point. Even though Ubuntu was (and still is) a mainstream flavor of Linux, I found that it was pretty rare that an application I need got installed with zero issues. So I promptly formatted my hard drive and reinstalled Windows, and it wasn’t until macOS that a Unix-based operating system became my daily driver.

However, a lot of things have happened since then. But mainly, these two trends have significantly simplified application development.

1. Every interface is now browser-based.
2. Every application is docker.

Now, deploying an application on any Linux environment is easy so long as there’s docker installed. That means you can run the same thing on a Windows desktop (via WSL), a macOS laptop, an AWS server, a Synology NAS or even a Raspberry Pi.

What is Docker?

Docker is a way to run applications in an isolated environment (like a virtual machine) without the overhead of a VM. This is possible because the host machine (where docker is installed) uses resource isolation tricks to create spaces for applications to run (aka container). Gone are the days when Linux users have to deal with endless application setup tweaks to make things work on your specific flavor of Linux.

Using a single container

You can create a container using docker run IMAGE or docker-compose up with a configured docker-compose.yaml in your working directory. For the full specification, see the official documentation docker run for the former and compose-file-v3 for the latter.

Here’s basically everything you need to know about creating a container.

terminology	docker run ...	docker-compose.yaml	description
image	docker run IMAGE	image: ...	A base environment for your application. Many applications have pre-made docker images such as ubuntu, linuxserver/sonarr. Chances are if the application supports Linux, then a docker image exists for that application.
ports	docker run --expose	ports: ...	Makes a port available to be reached on the host so that you can interact with the application through localhost:port_number (i.e. type this address into your browser). Typically used for interfaces. Also, sometimes required for other applications to reach this application externally.
volumes	docker run --volume	volumes: ...	Makes a path on the host available to the application so that reads and writes are reflected on the host. Can be used to persist application states through container recreation.
environment variables	docker run --env	environment: ...	Sets environment variables required by the application.

Multiple containers

Some applications require multiple containers to interact with each other. Docker is an easy way to set up isolated environments for them to do so.

For an example, see xarr-stack.

• gluetun is a VPN service that routes traffic through a VPN server.
• qbittorrent is a torrent client that uses gluetun for its network, so that all torrent traffic flows through the VPN server.
• prowlarr allows other services to search torrent services.
• radarr searches torrent services using those found by prowlarr and adds relevant media to qbittorrent.

When running docker-compose up with the above-mentioned docker-compose.yaml, these things happen:

1. An isolated network is created for all the services specified. These services can find each other using the service name (e.g. prowlarr). For example, you can reach prowlarr at localhost:9696 but radarr can only reach it at prowlarr:9696.
2. All the services are created and started according to depends_on. Since qbittorrent has gluetun as one of its depends_on, it will only start after gluetun is started.

Managing containers

Once containers are created and running, you’ll need to do some maintenance.

• docker ps is a good way to find a list of containers and what they’re running, as well as the ports they’ve exposed (you can’t expose have multiple container exposing the same ports).
• docker logs gets you the logs from containers. If you find that some containers are unexpectedly stopped or always restarting, you’d want to check the logs to figure out why.
• docker exec -it is useful if you can’t figure out why the container isn’t working, and you need to “go in” and figure out interactively what’s going on. Typically, you only need to do this if you’re developing an image and can’t replicate the issue on your development environment.